Interest rates
Fed funds rate remains unchanged…again; tariffs drive uncertainty
Jeff Milheiser
Citing what could be called a benign April inflation report, the Fed again left the target range of the federal funds rate unchanged at 4.25% to 4.5% coming out of its May meeting.
The Consumer Price Index rose by 0.2% in April over March. Annual inflation came in at 2.3%, unchanged from the previous month but still above the Fed’s 2% target.
Despite continued pressure from President Trump to reduce the federal funds rate, the Fed used the inflation report to pass on any action for now and likely through the summer. The market is currently pricing in two rate cuts by year-end starting in September, which would be contingent upon several factors, led by the president’s evolving tariff policy.
The tariff dilemma continues to create significant uncertainty in the market. The administration’s 90-day agreement with China to lower tariffs seems to be alleviating some of this uncertainty. However, even a 30% import tariff remains higher than before, further undermining consumer confidence, which is at a five-year low.
While some market watchers had been forecasting an inevitable recession, those indicators are now unclear.
First-quarter growth increased by an annualized rate of 1.6% over the prior year, which was significantly lower than fourth-quarter 2024’s 3.4% growth and the 2.2% Q1 growth rate many economists had projected. The quarter’s GDP growth was stunted by a sharp spike in imports led by importers hoping to get ahead of impending tariffs.
A recession is defined as two consecutive quarters of negative GDP growth, and we’ve already had one, although with some atypical circumstances. But a second consecutive quarter of negative growth is tough to predict even at this point.
Either way, economic activity is slowing, and the economic uncertainty and angst are likely to continue.

Jeff Milheiser is vice president, Funding & Investments in CoBank’s Treasury group. Jeff graduated from Purdue University and has been with CoBank for more than 22 years.