Tariffs and interest rate uncertainty rule the market

June 3, 2025

It’s all about the tariffs. On one hand, the 90-day tariff agreement with China alleviated some market concerns and somewhat reduced volatility. On the other hand, everyone knew it was a temporary solution. Enter the U.S. Court of International Trade, which in late May blocked the imposition of President Trump’s tariffs under an emergency-powers law. An appeals court temporarily blocked the ruling a day later. Everyone—literally—is wondering what comes next. However, concerns about a recession have eased. It’s this kind of wild uncertainty that is ruling and roiling the market. Still, there’s only one real certainty: We’re not done yet.

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Interest rates

Fed funds rate remains unchanged…again; tariffs drive uncertainty

Jeff Milheiser

Citing what could be called a benign April inflation report, the Fed again left the target range of the federal funds rate unchanged at 4.25% to 4.5% coming out of its May meeting. 

The Consumer Price Index rose by 0.2% in April over March. Annual inflation came in at 2.3%, unchanged from the previous month but still above the Fed’s 2% target.

Despite continued pressure from President Trump to reduce the federal funds rate, the Fed used the inflation report to pass on any action for now and likely through the summer. The market is currently pricing in two rate cuts by year-end starting in September, which would be contingent upon several factors, led by the president’s evolving tariff policy.

The tariff dilemma continues to create significant uncertainty in the market. The administration’s 90-day agreement with China to lower tariffs seems to be alleviating some of this uncertainty. However, even a 30% import tariff remains higher than before, further undermining consumer confidence, which is at a five-year low.

While some market watchers had been forecasting an inevitable recession, those indicators are now unclear. 

First-quarter growth increased by an annualized rate of 1.6% over the prior year, which was significantly lower than fourth-quarter 2024’s 3.4% growth and the 2.2% Q1 growth rate many economists had projected. The quarter’s GDP growth was stunted by a sharp spike in imports led by importers hoping to get ahead of impending tariffs.

A recession is defined as two consecutive quarters of negative GDP growth, and we’ve already had one, although with some atypical circumstances. But a second consecutive quarter of negative growth is tough to predict even at this point. 

Either way, economic activity is slowing, and the economic uncertainty and angst are likely to continue.

Jeff Milheiser is vice president, Funding & Investments in CoBank’s Treasury group. Jeff graduated from Purdue University and has been with CoBank for more than 22 years.

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Derivatives

How much does the market really know?

Eric Nickerson

While the market is currently pricing in two rate cuts by year-end, it’s clear that it doesn’t know everything. 

At the beginning of the year, the market had priced in a rate cut by midsummer, which, by all indications, isn’t going to happen. In April, the market was betting on three rate cuts by year-end, while the Fed’s median forecast was for two. Now, the market and the Fed are more aligned for two rate cuts by year-end.

There’s finally some consensus, and that indicates certainty, right? Don’t bet on it.

Continued volatility, uncertainty surrounding tariff policy, the possibility of renewed inflation and the prospect of a potential recession continue to leave borrowers in a daze over the direction of interest rates. 

Last year saw interest rates on a definite downward trend, which many expected to continue. A rate increase seemed to be everyone’s least worry. Now everything seems to be up in the air.

Enter interest rate collars, a potential answer to market volatility for some borrowers.

Many customer discussions lately have involved the use of an interest rate collar, a hedging strategy that offers protection if interest rates rise but still provides some benefit if rates fall. It combines the purchase of an interest rate cap and the sale of an interest rate floor to manage exposure to interest rate fluctuations.

Although the environment might be right for an interest rate collar, it’s not an appropriate strategy for everyone. Every customer’s situation is unique, not only in terms of the economic outlook but also in relation to their debt capital structure.

CoBank is available to discuss hedging strategies that may be appropriate for specific customer needs.

Eric Nickerson is CoBank’s head of Customer Derivatives. He has 25 years of experience providing financial risk solutions to corporate and financial institutions. Eric joined CoBank in 2019 after 19 years in the securities industry.

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Capital markets

Investment-grade issuance hits two-year high; secondary market loan prices dive, then rebound

Bill Fox and Todd Helman

Commercial bank investment-grade lending is back with a vengeance. 

Issuance in the investment-grade market reached $146 billion in April, marking the highest monthly volume in two years and significantly surpassing the average monthly activity of $90 billion to $100 billion. 

At the other end of the market, non-investment-grade issuance fell to a 15-month low. 

Risk and tariffs are central to both trends.

After a recovery year in 2024, commercial banks entered 2025 with significantly greater confidence, lending larger sums to investment-grade names to demonstrate their support. Issues related to the cost of funds had eased, fostering a more favorable monetary environment, while unfunded revolver agreements and the sporadic elimination of credit spread adjustments took center stage.

At the same time, the prospect of tariffs led many companies to prepare for the resulting higher costs and supply chain issues. Banks responded by welcoming revolver agreements with investment-grade borrowers, comfortable with the likelihood that they would weather the potential tariff storm. 

Banks and institutional investors took a more cautious approach with non-investment-grade borrowers, resulting in lower issuance in that market.

The secondary loan market experienced significant volatility in April due to uncertainty around U.S. trade negotiations and tariffs. 

Retail investors withdrew $4.8 billion from U.S. loan funds, prompting mutual funds and ETFs to sell loans, which pressured loan prices. The market has since stabilized as CLOs and other institutional investors stepped in to purchase loans at a discount. 

In early April, only 2.5% of loans were trading at par or above. By May, the figure had rebounded to 23%, although it remained significantly lower than the peak of 67% in January. This rebound has been fueled by a lack of forced sellers and increased buyer demand, even as loan spreads are tighter than historical averages after the financial crisis. 

The market remains sensitive to headline risk around trade negotiations, which could lead to further volatility depending on the outcome, but the current environment appears more sustainable compared to the extreme disruption seen in early April.

Bill Fox is managing director of Capital Markets with CoBank. Bill has 30 years of investment banking and capital markets experience, and previously worked with large investment and commercial banks.

Todd Helman is lead relationship manager for Loan Sales and Trading in CoBank’s Capital Markets group. Todd joined CoBank in 2023 from Waveson Capital. He also held positions at Huntington National Bank, BBVA USA and S&P Global Ratings.

Market Focus

Agribusiness

Walking on thin ice: Farmers experiencing profit declines ahead of tariff challenges

Marcus Wilhelm

Farmers’ balance sheets are beginning to show some stress. Declines in working capital that started in the 2023 growing year have continued, and the current crop forecast indicates losses nearing $200 per acre for some operations. 

While farmers have benefited from significant belt-tightening over the last two years, it hasn’t been sufficient to thrive in this low-price environment. SGA expenses have risen by 3% to 4% across the board, interest expenses are up and tariffs are looming. 

More optimistically, the co-op model is working. Many co-ops are keeping healthy balance sheets, having been built to weather storms like this. Where they’re not, stresses are appearing, which could result in consolidations or joint ventures. 

Tariffs do not appear to be having much impact so far. Imports of most products and grain exports continue to flow. Telltale signs will emerge over the next 60–90 days as tariff negotiations continue and the purchase of inputs for the 2026 crop begins.

Clearly, the current market volatility is uncomfortable, but it can create opportunities for those operating from a position of financial strength. Consolidations could begin to accelerate, but it's going to be a case of the haves versus the have-nots.

Marcus Wilhelm is Western region president of CoBank’s Agribusiness Banking Group, based in Omaha. Marcus also co-owns a 800-acre corn and soybean family farm in Unadilla, NE.

Recent CoBank Capital Markets Activity

mosaic

The Mosaic Company

$2.5B Credit Facility
Joint Lead Arranger & Joint Bookrunner

poultry

Integrated Poultry

$2.5B Credit Facility
Joint Lead Arranger, Joint Bookrunner & Documentation Agent

Corteva

$750M Credit Facility
Administrative Agent

Digital Infrastructure

Taking a cue from the big guys: It’s about the killer bundle

Jeff Johnston

Comcast and Charter are onto something, and it could be wise for rural broadband providers to take note. 

Comcast and Charter gained a combined 837,000 wireless customers in the first quarter of 2025. These additions—where wireless service is bundled with their broadband offerings—reduced broadband customer attrition, demonstrating that customers prefer fewer bills, more savings and integrated connectivity.

Bundled service resonates with customers and enables cable providers to compete against the national operators’ fixed wireless smartphone bundle, which is causing competitive headwinds for incumbent cable operators.

So far, the national wireless operators have focused on their core—urban and suburban markets. However, as the race for revenue intensifies, expansion into smaller cities and rural areas may not be far off. If—or more likely, when—that occurs, rural broadband providers will confront new competition in the form of broadband and wireless bundles that have proven consumer appeal.

At the same time, many obstacles that previously hindered entry into the wireless business have diminished. Is now the time for rural broadband providers to consider a defensive strategy that integrates broadband and wireless into their own killer bundle?

Maybe so.

Jeff Johnston is lead economist, Digital Infrastructure at CoBank. Prior to joining CoBank in 2018, Jeff was an equity analyst covering the tech, media and telecom sectors, and held senior management positions in the telecommunications industry.

Recent CoBank Capital Markets Activity

ITC Fiber Holdings, LLC

ITC Fiber Holdings, LLC

$327M Credit Facilities
Administrative Agent

gci

GCI, LLC

$750M Credit Facilities
Sole Lead Arranger & Sole Book Runner for the Term A Loan

Data Center

$3.7B Credit Facilities
Initial Coordinating Lead Arranger & Joint Book Runner

Power & Energy

Tariffs set to disrupt global power component manufacturing

Brock Taylor

Just as power demand is poised to skyrocket, the evolving tariff situation could introduce another layer of complexity to an already intricate environment. 

One critical component, the power transformer, is a truly global product that relies on materials sourced from various countries, which in turn depend on their own supply chains for manufacturing. The supply chain for built transformers already exceeds two years in some instances. Increasing demand is likely to extend wait times even further.

Transformer manufacturing requires rare earth minerals, silicon/electrical steel, aluminum or copper wiring and other raw materials. In some countries, like China, these materials are sourced, and transformers are manufactured domestically. In other cases, such as Vietnam, Mexico, India and the U.S., many raw materials are imported for local assembly. 

A complex supply chain is sure to complicate tariff negotiations.

Tariffs are also affecting manufacturers of natural gas turbines, of which the U.S. is a net exporter.

In its first quarter 10-Q, GE Vernova, a leading global manufacturer of gas turbines, stated that its current estimated cost impact from global tariffs in 2025 will be approximately $300 million to $400 million, after taking into consideration contractual protections and mitigating actions. According to reports, wait times for some gas turbines are as long as five years.

Still, many utilities are anticipating the administration’s elimination or relaxation of regulations that would have resulted in the retirement of some less-efficient coal plants. Extending the life of these legacy operations could be beneficial as both the time frames and costs of new plants increase.

Brock Taylor is responsible for the operation of CoBank’s Power, Energy and Utilities banking platform. He joined CoBank in 2006 and has held various roles in both credit and origination across various business lines, including Corporate Agribusiness.

Recent CoBank Capital Markets Activity

Basin Electric Power Cooperative

$1.25B Credit Facility
Syndication Agent & Active Bookrunner

1803 Electric Cooperative

$72M Credit Facilities
Lead Arranger

Alle-Catt Wind Energy, LLC

$1.7B Credit Facilities
Coordinating Lead Arranger

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